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ID
ER 161
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 390) threatens with demotion presbyters who perform their duties without the consent of their bishops.
ID
ER 162
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 390) establishes the rules for judging clerics.
ID
ER 2217
The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius issue a law concerning deaconesses. Among other things, the law forbids deaconesses from bequeathing their property to churches and clerics. The law issued on 21 June 390, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2218
The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius issue a law concerning deaconesses abolishing the law XVI.2.27 from two months later which forbade the deaconesses to bequeath their property to clerics. The law issued on 23 August 390, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 427
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, Alypius, bishop of Thagaste, and Fortunatus, bishop of Constantina write to a layman of Constantina, Generosus. A Donatist presbyter was trying to convince Generosus to abandon the Catholic Church, and he referred to angelic apparitions allegedly proving the justice of the Donatist cause. Augustine, Letter 53, North Africa, ca AD 400.
ID
ER 428
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, sends a presbyter to Celer, a rich landowner near Hippo, to convey some information to him. Augustine, Letter 57, North Africa, AD 396-410.
ID
ER 708
Hippolytus, presbyter in Rome and former Novatianist encourages the Novatianist faithful to shun the schism and come back to the orthodox Church; later he is persecuted by the emperor, and martyred, the 3rd century. Account of Prudentius, Crowns of Martyrdom, Poem 11, ca 400.
ID
ER 749
According to Canon 90 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) presbyters should not celebrate in any place without the consent of the bishop.
ID
ER 750
According to Canon 91 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) presbyters should not consecrate virgins and the chrism without the consent of the bishop.
ID
ER 2038
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Leo in Rome. 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 419
Augustine, presbyter at Hippo (North Africa) recalls his presbyterial ordination and asks his bishop for a short leave to study the Scriptures to be better prepared for the job. Augustine, Letter 21, North Africa, AD 391.
ID
ER 2096
The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius issue the law on penalties which mentions clerics who help convicted criminals to escape. The law issued on 13 March 392 in Constantinople, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2111
The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, and Honorius issue the law which forbids clerics to hide public debtors. The law issued on 18 October 392 in Constantinople, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and in the Breviary of Alaric published in 506 in Gaul, repeated in the Justinian Code promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 896
A debate is held in Hippo Regius (North Africa) against the Manichean Presbyter Fortunatus. Augustine, "A Debate with Fortunatum", AD 392.
ID
ER 2245
Presbyter Irenaeus of Lyon (Gaul), later bishop of that city, is sent regarding some church matters to Rome, ca 177. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Bethlehem, AD 392–393.
ID
ER 2246
Presbyter Tertullian of Carthage (North Africa) is considered one of the most illustrious Latin Christian writers. Later in his life he started to follow the teachings of Montanus. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2247
Presbyter Cyprian of Carthage (North Africa) was converted to Christianity by Presbyter Caecilius. He later became a presbyter and, subsequently, a bishop in Carthage. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2248
Presbyter Novatian of Rome tried to usurp the bishopric of Rome and taught that the lapsi should not be admitted as penitents, following the doctrine of the presbyter Novatus of Carthage (North Africa), ca 250. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2249
Presbyter Pierius of Alexandria (East) moves to Rome after the end of the persecutions and spends the rest of his life there, after 309. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2250
Presbyter Iuvencus from Spain translated into hexameter the four Gospels, ca 330. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 1999
Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in his "Oration on the death of the emperor Valentinian II" compares the Church to the human face, and says that the priests are the cheeks of that face. Composed and declared in Milan in AD 392.
ID
ER 2001
Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in his exegetical work "On Joseph" claims that the office of presbyters as teachers, as well as payments they are entitled to, are prefigured in the biblical passages on the sons of Jacob. Composed in Milan after AD 388.
ID
ER 2284
The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius issue a law introducing financial penalties for heretical clerics. The law issued on 15 June 392, included in the Theodosian Code (16.5.21) published in 438.
ID
ER 1964
Siricius, bishop of Rome, sends a letter by the presbyters Crescens, Leopardus and Alexander in which he declares that the gathering of the clergy of Rome ("presbyterium") condemned Jovinian and his followers, AD 393. Letter added to the collection of letters of Ambrose of Milan (Maur. 41a) = Letter 7 in the collection of letters of Siricius.
ID
ER 1965
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) replies to the letter of Bishop Siricius of Rome sent by presbyters Cresecens, Leopardus, and Alexander, which speaks of the condemnation of Jovianian. Ambrose gathers a synod in Milan that supports this condemnation. At the synod, Bishop Geminianus of Modena (Italy) is represented by his presbyter Aper. Letter of Ambrose and his fellow bishops to Siricius, Letter extra collectionem 15 (Maur. 42), AD 393.
ID
ER 187
The Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393) regulates the rules of emancipation of minors by clergy.
ID
ER 797
A presbyter accompanies Martin of Tours on his exile on the island of Gallinaria ca AD 356/360. Account in the "Life of saint Martin" by Sulpicius Severus, writing in Primuliacum (Gaul), ca AD 396.
ID
ER 2392
Draft: Epifanius, bishop of Salamina (Cyprus) explains the reasons for ordaining Paulinianus as presbyter; among them that Jerome and Vincentius did not perform presbiterial duties. Letter 51 in the correspondence of Jerome, AD 394.
ID
ER 2397
Jerome, presbyter in Bethlehem, writes to Amandus, presbyter in Bordeaux, responding about biblical queries. Jerome, Letter 55, ca AD 394 .
ID
ER 367
Canon 1 of the Council of Nîmes (Gaul) AD 394/396 forbids people coming from the East who pretend to be presbyters or deacons to serve at the altar.
ID
ER 369
Canon 3 of the Council of Nîmes (Gaul, AD 394/396) forbids bishops to admit to communion clerics, or laymen sentenced by their own bishops.
ID
ER 370
Canon 4 of the Council of Nîmes (Gaul, AD 394/396) forbids bishops to judge clerics from another diocese without the consent of their bishop.
ID
ER 371
Canon 6 of the Council of Nîmes (Gaul, AD 394/396) forbids clerics to make journeys without letters of recommendation signed by their bishops.
ID
ER 971
Martin of Tours honours his presbyter by passing him a cup at the emperor`s feast, judging him worthier than the emperor himself. Account in the `Life of Saint Martin` by Sulpicius Severus, writing in Primuliacum (Gaul), ca AD 396.
ID
ER 976
Monk Clarus is ordained presbyter and establishes a hermitage near Martin of Tours` monastery at Marmoutier, the second half of the 4th century. Account of Sulpicius Severus, "Life of Saint Martin", Primuliacum (Gaul), ca 396.
ID
ER 977
Clerics from a church in the diocese of Tours are visited by their bishop, Martin of Tours. Account in Letter 1 of Sulpicius Severus, writing in Primuliacum (Gaul), AD 397.
ID
ER 979
Sulpicius Severus sees in a vision the presbyter Clarus ascending to heaven after his master, Martin of Tours. Account in the Letter 2 by Sulpicius Severus, writing in Primuliacum (Gaul), AD 397.
ID
ER 2285
The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, and Honorius issue a law introducing financial penalties for heretical clerics. The law issued on 9 July 394, included in the Theodosian Code (16.5.24) published in 438 and and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534 (1.5.2).
ID
ER 519
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), asks the presbyters of his city to pay back a debt using the money of the Church in order to help someone who was looking for the help of the Church. Letter 268, AD 395/430.
ID
ER 2055
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, describes to Presbyter Sulpicius Severus in Primuliacum (Gaul) the circumstances of his presbyterial ordination, which took place at Christmas 394 in Barcelona (Iberian Peninsula). Paulinus of Nola, Letter 1, AD 395.
ID
ER 2057
Jerome, presbyter in Bethlehem, explains to Presbyter Paulinus of Nola that it is impossible to be both a presbyter and a monk. Jerome, Letter 58, ca 395.
ID
ER 2059
The list of letters written by Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola (Italy), AD 389-431.
ID
ER 2062
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, describes to Presbyter Amandus of Bordeaux (Gaul) the circumstances of his presbyterial ordination which took place on Christmas 394 in Barcelona (Iberial Peninsula). Account of Paulinus of Nola, Letter 2, AD 395.
ID
ER 2063
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Bishop Alypius of Thagaste (North Africa). Among other things, he claims that Ambrose of Milan wanted him to join his clergy. Account of Paulinus of Nola, Letter 3, AD 395.
ID
ER 2066
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Presbyter Augustine of Hippo (North Africa), later bishop of that city. Paulinus of Nola, Letter 4, AD 395.
ID
ER 25
A Donatist presbyter (possibly without the knowledge of his bishop) rebaptized a young Catholic man who had mistreated his mother. Account of Augustine of Hippo writing in North Africa ca AD 396. Account of Augustine of Hippo writing in North Africa ca AD 396. Letter 34-35.
ID
ER 814
The Donatist bishops and presbyters are the leaders of violent circumcellions. Account of Augustine of Hippo, "The Exposition of the Psalms", North Africa, c. AD 400.
ID
ER 819
Donatist bishops gathered at the Council of Cebarsussi (393 AD) enumerate the wrongdoings of the Donatist bishop of Carthage, Primian; among other things, he is accused of forcing presbyters into the condemnation of some deacons, and using violence and unjust excommunication against other presbyters. Account of Augustine of Hippo, "The Exposition of the Psalms", North Africa, 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 567
Augustine, bishop of Hippo (North Africa), mentions information obtained via Deogratias, probably a presbyter. Augustine, Letter 249, AD 395/411.
ID
ER 570
Augustine, bishop of Hippo (North Africa), writes to the deacon Restitutus of Carthage, mentioning the Presbyter Deogratias. Letter 249 (AD 395/411).
ID
ER 591
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), writes to the deacon Restitutus of Carthage, mentioning the presbyter Deogratias. Letter 249, AD 395/411.
ID
ER 2394
DRAFT: Jerome, presbyter in Bethlehem, writes to Pammachius about the requirement of chastity for higher clergy. Jerome, Letter 49, .
ID
ER 2145
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Priest (probably presbyter) Aper from Gaul, a former advocate and judge who adopted a quasi-monastic way of life. Paulinus of Nola, Letter 38, ca 400.
ID
ER 643
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) asks Sebastian, the superior of an African monastery, to send his letter to a "Brother Firmus", possibly a presbyter. Letter 248, after AD 395.
ID
ER 919
The Donatist Presbyter Peregrinus together with the elders of the Churches of Mustis and Assuras fill in the official complaint against the Maximianist Bishop Felicianus, Carthage, AD 395. Augustine, "Against Cresconius", Book 3, ca AD 406.
ID
ER 163
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), writes to ex-Donatist presbyters who came to the Catholic communion. Letter 142, ca AD 412.
ID
ER 423
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, and Alypius, bishop of Thagaste, congratulate bishop Aurelius of Carthage on his decision to allow presbyters to preach in churches in his presence. Augustine, Letter 41, North Africa, shortly after AD 395.
ID
ER 684
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), writes to Pancarius, a layman, about the accusations raised by the people of Germaniciana (in the diocese of Hippo) against their presbyter, Secundinus. Augustine, Letter 251, AD 395/430.
ID
ER 688
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), asks the presbyter Cyprian to deliver his letter to a woman named Italica in Rome. He asks him also to write to him, if Italica does not, about the views of those who claim that God is seen with the eyes of the body. Augustine, Letter 92A, AD 395/408.
ID
ER 707
Argentius is a presbyter at Hasna (North Africa), where the Circumcellions invaded the Catholic basilica. Augustine, then presbyter at Hippo, Letter 29, AD 395.
ID
ER 730
The Manichaean bishops, presbyters, deacons and the "elect" lay hands on the "hearers." Account of Augustine of Hippo (North Africa), Letter 236, AD 395/430.
ID
ER 2287
The Emperors Arcadius, and Honorius issue a law forbidding heretics to gather for worship and to ordain clergy. The law issued on 30 March 395, included in the Theodosian Code (16.5.26) published in 438.
ID
ER 8
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) writes to the presbyter Restitutus about another presbyter accused of sexual misbehaviour. Augustine, Letter 13*, early 5th c.
ID
ER 2067
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Presbyter Sulpicius Severus from Primuliacum (Gaul) that Pope Siricius refused to meet him in Rome when Paulinus journeyed from Barcelona to Nola. After Paulinus had reached Nola he fell sick. Numerous bishops either visited him or sent their clerics with letters. Account of Paulinus of Nola, Letter 5, AD 396.
ID
ER 29
Augustine of Hippo writing to the Church of Memblibanum considers presbyter Gitta, who serves there, unworthy of any clerical position, as he was already deprived of the grade of a deacon. Augustine, Letter 18*, North Africa, early 5th century.
ID
ER 565
A presbyter plays a role in the conflict between the bishops of Hippo and Milevis concerning the ordination of the subdeacon Timotheus. Account of Augustine of Hippo, Letter 63, North Africa, AD 396/402.
ID
ER 834
Augustine of Hippo gives a reminder that bishops and presbyters offer the Eucharist to God, and not to the saints. Augustine, Sermon 273, 399 AD.
ID
ER 75
Augustine of Hippo advises a layman to hand a petition to a count (comes) by the agency of a bishop or a presbyter. Augustine, Letter 244, North Africa, early 5th century AD.
ID
ER 647
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) sends the presbyter Optatus to Celer, a wealthy landowner near Hippo, to explain to him some aspects of Christian doctrine. Letter 56, AD 396/410.
ID
ER 1687
Presbyters of Rouen welcome the relics sent by Ambrose of Milan to their city. Account of Victricius of Rouen, "Praising the Saints", Rouen (Gaul), most probably AD 396.
ID
ER 425
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), criticises Secundus of Tigisi, one of the authors of the Donatist schism, for judging Catholic bishops in absentia. Augustine underlines that he should not have been doing this in regard to bishops as if they were deacons, presbyters, or other lower clergy. Augustine, Letter 43, AD 396-397.
ID
ER 711
Augustine of Hippo (North Africa) refers to his recent ordination as the coadjutor of Bishop Valerius. Augustine, Letter 31, AD 396/397.
ID
ER 712
A Donatist presbyter insults Catholics at Spanianum, near Hippo Regius (North Africa), AD 396/397. Augustine, Letter 35, AD 396/397.
ID
ER 713
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), accuses Donatist bishops and presbyters of inspiring acts of violence. Augustine, Letter 44, ca AD 397.
ID
ER 980
Martin of Tours travels to the parish of Candes to reconcile quarrelling clerics. He is accompanied by plenty of his followers, including some presbyters, who then gather around his deathbed and witness his last breath. Account of Sulpicius Severus, Letter 3, Primuliacum (Gaul), AD 398.
ID
ER 2288
The Emperors Arcadius, and Honorius issue two laws ordering the Eunomian clerics to be exiled from the cities. The law issued on 21 or 22 April 396, included in the Theodosian Code (16.5.31-32) published in 438.
ID
ER 2068
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to the presbyter Amandus of Bordeaux (Gaul). Paulinus values Amandus` vigils and prayers very high, since Amandus remained celibate. Account of Paulinus of Nola, Letter 12, AD 397/398.
ID
ER 277
Canon 48 of the council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 397), preseved in the 5th-century Carthage Register, forbids rebaptisms, reordinations, and translations of bishops.
ID
ER 2069
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Presbyter Amandus of Bordeaux (Gaul). Paulinus` letter is carried by Sanemarius, his former slave, whom Paulinus sends to Bordeaux to serve in the church under Amandus. Sanemarius is to receive a plot of church land in arrangement with Presbyter Exsuperius. Account of Paulinus of Nola, Letter 12, AD 397/398.
ID
ER 278
Canon 55 of the Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 397), preserved in the 5th-century Carthage Register, permits the bishop of Carthage to promote clerics from one diocese to another. Bishop Postumianus protests in the name of those who have only one presbyter, but Aurelius promises him that he will be given another cleric in the place of the presbyter who was made bishop (because it is difficult to find suitable candidates for episcopal ordination).
ID
ER 2071
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Presbyter Amandus of Bordeaux (Gaul). Paulinus intervenes on behalf of Presbyter Basilius of Capua (Italy) who was expelled from his house by Daducius, a nobleman from Aquitania. Paulinus of Nola, Letter 12, AD 397/398.
ID
ER 2074
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Bishop Delphinus of Bordeaux (Gaul). Paulinus thanks Delphinus for his intervention on behalf of Presbyter Basilius of Capua (Italy) who was expelled from his house by Daducius, a nobleman from Aquitania. Paulinus of Nola, Letter 14, AD 397/398.
ID
ER 2075
Presbyter Paulinus, later bishop of Nola, writes to Presbyter Amandus of Bordeaux (Gaul). Paulinus thanks Amandus for his intervention on behalf of Presbyter Basilius of Capua (Italy) who was expelled from his house by Daducius, a nobleman from Aquitania. Paulinus of Nola, Letter 15, AD 397/398.
ID
ER 802
The presbyters of Rome offer Marius Victorinus to make his profession of faith before baptism privately. Rome, ca AD 355. Account of Augustine, "The Confessions", AD 397/400.
ID
ER 1886
Augustine shortly before his conversion has a conversation with Simplicianus, probably a presbyter in Milan and a spiritual father of Bishop Ambrose of Milan, Milan, AD 386. Account of Augustine, "The Confessions", written in Hippo, AD 397/400.
ID
ER 104
Canon 9 of the First Council of Toledo (Iberian Peninsula, AD 400) forbids the nuns and widows to sing antiphonies in their houses without bishop or presbyter, and to organize vigils outside the church.
ID
ER 879
Augustine, the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), while describing the council of Jerusalem (ca 50 AD), refers to the "elders of the Church" as "presbyters". Augustine, Sermon 162C (Dolbeau 10), AD 397.
ID
ER 188
Canon 1 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), establishes 25 years as the minimum age for ordination.
ID
ER 189
Canon 2 of the council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the `Breviarium Hipponense` (AD 397) establishes that bishops and clerics should swear allegiance to the canons before ordination.
ID
ER 190
Canon 8 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), states the rules for judging presbyters and deacons.
ID
ER 191
Canon 9 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397) deals with bishops and clerics who prefer civil to ecclesiastical courts.
ID
ER 192
Canon 11 of the council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), prohibits the children of bishops and clerics to watch or participate in secular spectacles.
ID
ER 193
Canon 12 of the council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), prohibits the children of bishops and clerics from marrying pagans, heretics, or schismatics.
ID
ER 194
Canon 13 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), warns bishops and clerics not to emancipate their sons too early.
ID
ER 195
Canon 14 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), prohibits bishops and clerics to alienate their goods to non-Catholics.
ID
ER 211
Canon 15 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), prohibits clerics to earn money by administration of goods or commercial activity.
ID
ER 212
Canon 16 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), prohibits the cohabitation of clerics with "extraneous women" (with some exceptions).
ID
ER 213
Canon 17 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397) requires that the entire household of a candidate to ordination be Catholic.
ID
ER 214
Canon 19a of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), forbids ordaining clerics from other dioceses without the consent of their bishops.
ID
ER 215
Canon 20 of the Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 393), preserved in the "Breviarium Hipponense" (AD 397), forbids to ordain those who were not proven suitable either by the scrutiny of the bishops or the testimony of the people.