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ID
ER 2252
Canon 6 (6b in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids to raise cities to the status of bishoprics if they are so small that they do not need more than a single presbyter.
ID
ER 2253
Canon 7 (= canon 5 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 mentions "presbyters a latere" of the bishop of Rome in regulations concerning bishops appealing to Rome.
ID
ER 2256
Canon 13 (= canon 10 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 orders that a wealthy layman to become a bishop has to first go through lectorate, diaconate, and presbyterate.
ID
ER 2260
Canon 15 (= canon 12 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 allows bishops to leave their church for a period no longer than three Sundays to attend to their estates which are outside their diocese. During the stay far from their diocese, they should attend mass on Sundays in a nearby city that has a presbyter.
ID
ER 2261
Canon 16 (= canon 13 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 states that is not rightful to give communion to a presbyter, deacon, or lower cleric who was excommunicated by their bishop.
ID
ER 2264
Canon 17 (= canon 14 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 says that a presbyter or a deacon whom his bishop wants to excommunicate should have a right to appeal to the neighbouring bishops. The bishop`s decision concerning his clerics should be tested and then rejected or approved by his fellow-bishops. The clerics, though, should be obedient to their bishops.
ID
ER 2265
Canon 18 (in Latin version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids bishops to ordain for themselves clerics from another diocese.
ID
ER 2266
Canon 19 (= canon 15 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids bishops to ordain for themselves clerics from another diocese.
ID
ER 2267
Canon 20 (= canon 16 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids presbyters and deacons to stay too long in Thessalonica in neglect of their own churches.
ID
ER 2268
Canon 21 (= canon 17 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 says that the bishops, presbyters, and deacons exiled unjustly from their cities should be welcomed elsewhere and allowed to stay as long as necessary.
ID
ER 63
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) threatens with demotion clerics who venerate false martyrs.
ID
ER 64
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) forbids clerics to live with unrelated women.
ID
ER 65
The Council of Carthage (North Africa) AD 345/348 forbids the ordination of clerics and laymen from other churches.
ID
ER 125
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) forbids clerics to act as estate administrators.
ID
ER 126
The Council of Carthage (North Africa) AD 345/348 forbids clergy and laymen to take communion in other churches without letters from their bishops.
ID
ER 127
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) forbids ordaining those who administer the goods of others before they render account of their actions.
ID
ER 128
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) forbids lay men to employ clerics as salesclerks or accountants.
ID
ER 129
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) orders that presbyters should be judged by six bishops.
ID
ER 130
The Council of Carthage (North Africa, AD 345/348) forbids clerics to lend money at interest.
ID
ER 131
The council of Carthage (North Africa), AD 345/348 threatens clerics who would not obey the canons with demotion.
ID
ER 758
According to Canon 96 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, 523/546 AD, repeating earlier norms) a presbyter should be judged by a jury of six or seven bishops.
ID
ER 357
The participants of the apocryphal Council of Cologne (Gaul), supposedly AD 346, mention a few presbyters living or sojourning in Gaul. Paragraphs 6, 11, and 13 of the Council of Cologne 346, written at an unknown date.
ID
ER 2165
The Emperor Constantius issues a law granting exemptions from curial obligations to the clerics. The law issued on 11 April 349, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2166
The Emperor Constantius and Constans issue a law granting exemptions from taxes and obligatory services to the clerics and their families. The law issued on 26 May 346, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 1866
Funerary inscription of an anonymous presbyter, Trier (Gaul), ca 350/450.
ID
ER 2163
Fortunatianus, bishop of Aquileia, in his "Commentary on the Gospels" says that yhe bishops and presbyters who harm the Church by their bad behaviour should be removed from its body. Written in Aquileia (Italy), 350/370, possibly before 356.
ID
ER 639
According to Canon 29 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) ordinations should not be performed when catechumens are present.
ID
ER 2213
All the presbyters and deacons of Possessio Cephalitana (North Africa) sacrifice to the idols during the Diocletianic persecutions in AD 304. The account of the "Martyrdom of Saints Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda", written probably in 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 771
According to Canon 221 and 222 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) women should not be ordained or allowed to enter the presbytery.
ID
ER 288
Funerary inscription of Macedonius, presbyter probably in Grado (Iberian Peninsula), ob. ca AD 400.
ID
ER 2188
Funerary inscription of te presbyter Victor, recounting his services for the Church. Rome, probably late 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 735
According to Canon 72 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) the bishops and presbyters should not celebrate the Eucharist in their own houses.
ID
ER 2398
Bishop Eusebius of Vercelli writes a letter from exile to the presbyters and laity of Vercelli, Novaria, Ivrea, and Tortona, exhorting them to stay faithful to Nicene orthodoxy against the "Arians" and mentioning presbyters and deacons who accompany him in exile. Written in Scythopolis (Palestine), after 355.
ID
ER 2156
Funerary inscription of Asinius, the presbyter of the titular church of St Mark. Rome, possibly 4th/6th c.
ID
ER 1457
Bishop Lucifer, Presbyter Pancratius, and Deacon Hilarius accuse the Emperor Constantius II of heresy. Account of Lucifer of Cagliari, "De regibus apostaticis", AD 355/361.
ID
ER 1458
The legates of Pope Liberius, among them the Presbyter Pancratius, write to Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli. AD 355.
ID
ER 1459
Pope Liberius writes to Bishop Eusebius of Vercelli, firstly asking him, and then thanking him for the assistance shown to Bishop Lucifer, the Presbyter Pancratius, and Deacon Hilarius at the time of the council of Milan, AD 355.
ID
ER 2168
The Emperors Constantius and Julian issue a law confirming privileges of the churches and clerics of Rome. The law issued on 10 November 356, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2182
The Emperor Constantius and the caesar Julian issue a law confirming fiscal privileges of clerics and their families. The law issued on 6 and 28 December 356, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 1442
Roman presbyters Archidamus and Philoxenus participate in the council of Sardica (AD 343). The synodical letter transmitted in Athanasius, "Apologia contra Arianos", Egypt, AD 357.
ID
ER 1454
The presbyter Pancratius and deacon Hilarius, sent by Pope Liberius to the council convoked by the Emperor Constantius in Milan, are flogged for their defence of Atahanasius and the Nicene Creed; AD 355. Account of Athanasius, "The History of Arians", AD 357.
ID
ER 1647
Roman presbyters are present at the council in Milan, AD 347. Letter of the council of Rimini in AD 359 to the Emperor Constantius as cited by Athanasius of Alexandria in "On the councils of Ariminium and Seleucia" written in AD 359.
ID
ER 2183
The Emperor Constantius and the caesar Julian issue a law on fiscal privileges of clerics and churches. The law issued on 30 June 360, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2135
The Emperor Constantius issues the law which orders clerics who did not fulfilled their duties as decurions, either to be restored to the municipal councils or to transfer their patrimony to municipalities. The law issued on 29 August 361, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2141
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Castus, with the dedication to the martyrs Lucianus and Lucilla, in Koudiat Adjala (North Africa), AD 361.
ID
ER 772
Optatus of Milevis, describing the Diocletianic persecution in the beginning of the 4th c., refers to the deacons as the third, and the presbyters as the second, rank of priesthood. Optatus of Milevis, "Against the Donatists", North Africa, AD 364/367.
ID
ER 773
Optatus of Milevis responds to the Donatist accusations that the Catholic clergy (namely bishops, presbyters, deacons, and ministers) persecuted them. Optatus of Milevis, "Against the Donatists", North Africa, 364/367 AD.
ID
ER 774
Optatus of Milevis denonunces the attacks of the Donatists against the Catholics, stating that they targeted the presbyters and bishops as the leaders of the people. Optatus of Milevis, "Against the Donatists", North Africa, AD 364/367.
ID
ER 775
Optatus of Milevis denonunces the Donatist persecutions of the Catholic Church in the 4th century, including the demotion of deacons, presbyters and bishops, and the imposition of penance on boys, which made them unfit for ordination. Optatus of Milevis, "Against the Donatists", North Africa, AD 364/367.
ID
ER 2184
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law forbidding wealthy people from entering into holy orders. The law issued on 10 or 12 September 364, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 752
Clarus, the Donatist presbyter of Subbula (North Africa) is ordered by his bishop to exhume the victims of the imperial persecution of the Donatists after AD 347. Optatus of Milevis, "Against the Donatists", North Africa, AD 364/367.
ID
ER 38
Novatus, presbyter in Carthage (North Africa), after commiting a series of crimes comes to Rome looking for somewhere to hide; afterwards he induces Novatian to become a schismatic bishop of Rome. Account of Pacian of Barcelona, Letter 3 to Sympronianus, 2nd half of the 4th c.
ID
ER 2115
Presbyter Leo of Rome decorates the memoria of the martyr Hippolytus on the Via Tiburtina in Rome renovated by the effort of Pope Damasus, AD 366-384.
ID
ER 2219
Ambrosiaster commenting on Ephesians 4:11-12 explains how the organization of the Church looked like originally and how and why it changed into the contemporary one, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2223
An anonymous presbyter is mentioned in one of the fragments of the Latin inscription that reffers to Abdos and Semnes (Persian martyrs in Rome, buried on the via Portuensis); composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Pontianus, via Portuensis, Rome. AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2224
Latin inscription commemorating the arranging of the tomb of Felix and Adauctus (martyrs of Rome) by the Presbyter Verus on the orders of Pope Damasus, composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Commodilla, Rome, AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2225
Latin inscription recounting the martyrdom of the Presbyter Hippolytus (died in early 3rd c.) composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Hippolytus, Via Tiburtina, Rome, AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2227
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Thessalonians 5:12-13 says that the presbyters should be especially honoured because of their teaching duties; the faithful should give them offerings in gratitude but they should not be excessive. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2229
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 3:8-10 says that Paul`s requirements for the deacons regard all the more bishops and presbyters. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2270
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 3:12-13 offers explanation of the celibacy required from bishops, presbyters, and deacons based on the ritual purity. He also mentions that there should be two presbyters in every church in the city. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2273
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 4:14 says that priestly duties consist of encouraging and teaching people. Negligent and unworthy priests will not enter the kingdom of God. The "Commentaries to the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2274
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 5:17-20 says that priestly duties consist of encouraging and teaching people. Negligent and unworthy priests will not enter the kingdom of God. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2278
Ambrosiaster commenting on 2 Timothy 1:6-7 reflects on the grace of God received in the presbyterial ordination. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2029
Funerary inscription of Presbyter Vincentius in Rome. AD 366.
ID
ER 2286
Ambrosiaster speaks about the gifts of Holy Spirit conferred on the ordained. The "Questiones Veteri et Novi Testamenti", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2391
Draft: Jerome of Stridon, a presbyter, writes to Pope Damasus, asking him to send the answer by the presbyter Evagrius. Jerome, Letter 15, AD 367/377.
ID
ER 2393
Draft: Jerome of Stridon, writes to Nepotian, presbyter in Altinum (North Italy), about the duties of the presbyters. Jerome, Letter 52, AD 394.
ID
ER 2037
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Dulcitius, his brother (a deacon) and sister. Rome, AD 369.
ID
ER 2193
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law which allows clerics of curial origin to be exempt from the laws ordering them to go back to the municipal councils if they had not been recalled to them for the previous ten years. The law issued on 17 October 370 (or maybe 373), included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2194
The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian issue a law which forbids clerics to associate with widows and juvenile women and forbids these women to donate or bequeath anything of their property to clerics. The law issued on 30 July 370, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2214
The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian issue a law which confirms exemption from the curial duties for those who became clerics before the beginning of Valentinian`s reign (26 February 364). The law issued on 17 May 371, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438. Confirmed by another law issued on 1 December 372.
ID
ER 1514
An anonymous author of the sermon dedicated to Eusebius of Vercelli (Italy) praises Eusebius for making his clergy live in a monastic way; Ps.-Maximus of Turin, Sermo 7, the end of the 4th c.?
ID
ER 2189
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law concerning clerics of curial origin. The law issued on 17 October 373 (?), included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 1851
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Simplicianus, probably a presbyter in Milan, replies to his questions concerning the interpretation of the Scripture. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 2 (Maur. 65), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1852
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Simplicianus, probably a presbyter in Milan, replies to his questions concerning the interpretation of the Book of Exodus, commenting especially on priesthood and reconciliation of sinners. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 3 (Maur. 67), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1856
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) replies to the questions of Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, concerning the interpretation of the Book of Exodus. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 4 (Maur. 27), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1857
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, replies to his questions concerning the interpretation of the Book of Exodus. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 4 (Maur. 27), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1861
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) sends a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, containing exegetical considerations on the Scripture. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 12 (Maur. 30), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1862
In a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) replies to his questions concerning the interpretation of the Book of Psalms and Isaiah. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 11 (Maur. 29), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1864
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, replies to his question whether there is a difference in God`s love of those who had the faith since childhood and those who come to faith in adulthood. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 13 (Maur. 31), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1870
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, discusses the allegorical meaning of some Scriptural passages. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 14 (Maur. 33), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1871
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, explains why it is unclean, according to the Scripture, to wear clothes of the sex different than one`s own. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 15 (Maur. 69), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1872
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, comments on the Epistle to Ephesians. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 16 (Maur. 76), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1873
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to the clergy of Milan exhorts them to persevere faithfully in their office and resist the temptation to reject it. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 17 (Maur. 81), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1874
In a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) comments on the Book of Micah. Ambrose also mentions the baptism of Orontianus at an early age and his ordination into the Church of Milan. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 18 (Maur. 70), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1876
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, continues his theological and exegetical commentary from the previous letter (Letter 18). Ambrose of Milan, Letter 19 (Maur. 71), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1880
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, discusses theological and exegetical issues. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 20 (Maur. 77), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1881
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, discusses the substance of the soul. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 21 (Maur. 34), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 360
Canon 1 of the Council of Valence (Gaul, AD 374) forbids the ordination of men twice married or those whose wives were previously married. Those, however, who are of such condition and are already ordained will not be demoted.
ID
ER 361
Canon 4 of the Council of Valence (Gaul, AD 374) decrees to remove from the clerical order anyone who confesses a capital crime.
ID
ER 366
A letter from the bishops present at the Council of Valence (Gaul, AD 374) to the clergy of Fréjus describing the reasons for not ordaining clergy`s episcopal candidate.
ID
ER 1906
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, continues his commentary elaborated in Letter 21 and discusses some soteriological issues. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 22 (Maur. 35), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1907
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, continues his commentary elaborated in Letters 21 and 22. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 23 (Maur. 36), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1910
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, comments on the verse from the Book of Jeremiah. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 40 (Maur. 32), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1915
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, replies on his question why God provided manna in the past and does not provide it in the present. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 54 (Maur. 64), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1916
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, comments on the Epistle to the Romans. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 63 (Maur. 73), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1923
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, comments on the Epistle to the Galatians. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 64 (Maur. 74), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1924
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Orontianus, presbyter in Milan, discusses some theological questions. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 66 (Maur. 78), written in Milan, AD 374/396.
ID
ER 1925
Bishop Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in a letter to Irenaeus, possibly a cleric in Milan, comments on the episode from the Gospel of John about a woman accused of adultery. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 68 (Maur. 26), written in Milan, AD 374/397.
ID
ER 1966
Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in his work "On the sacraments" describes the solemn rite of baptism administered by deacons and priests. He speaks about the dignity of the priests who are witnesses to the baptismal profession. Composed in Milan, before AD 391.