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ID
ER 2109
Anonymous author of the "Incomplete Commentary on Matthew" says that priests are responsible for the salvation of the others. Also they should avoid bad company but nevertheless be hospitable. The mid-5th c., the Danubian provinces or Constantinople.
ID
ER 2110
Anonymous author of the "Incomplete Commentary on Matthew" presents priests as teachers of good doctrine and those who administer penance. He criticizes people who turn to priests for repentance only in face of death. The mid-5th c., the Danubian provinces or Constantinople.
ID
ER 835
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius, describes the miracle that happened through the intercession of the relics of St Stephen: a dead baby was resurrected for the time necessary to be brought to the presbyters who gave to him all the sacraments. Uzalis (North Africa), 416/425 AD. Account of Augustine, Sermon 324, 425/426 AD.
ID
ER 836
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), recounts his presbyterial ordination and the beginning of the monastic community at Hippo in AD 391. Augustine, Sermon 355, AD 425/426.
ID
ER 843
Januarius, a presbyter from Augustine`s monastic community in Hippo Regius (North Africa), makes a will before his death, disinherirting his children and leaving his property to the Church, although he was expected to distribute his property when entering the community. Augustine, Sermon 355, AD 425/426.
ID
ER 869
Leporius, a presbyter from Augustine`s monastic community in Hippo Regius (North Africa), comes from a wealthy family. He gave his property to the monastery he founded and later administered. He built a xenodochium and bought a house on Augustine`s command. Augustine, Sermon 356, AD 426.
ID
ER 871
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) reasserts his demand that all his clerics renounce their property and live in a community of goods with him. He says that those who do not accept it cannot serve in Hippo any more and should find places in other Churches. Sermon 356, AD 426.
ID
ER 907
Emperor Constantine III is sieged in Arles (Gaul) by the general Gerontius. Gerontius escapes the army of emperor Honorius who eventually defeats Constantine III. Constantine escapes to the church and is ordained a presbyter. Then he is sent with his son Julian to Italy, and both are murdered during the journey, AD 411. Account of Olympiodorus of Thebes (East), after AD 425.
ID
ER 2209
Inscription on sarcophagus mentioning Flavia Vitalia, presbytera or a presbyter `s wife, who has sold the sarcophagus to Theodosius, Salona (Dalmatia), AD 425.
ID
ER 2259
The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian issue a law confirming formerly promulgated laws with privileges for clerics. The law issued on 4 August 425 (?), included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.46) published in 438.
ID
ER 2269
The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian issue a law confirming judicial privileges for clerics. The law issued on 6 August 425, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.47) published in 438.
ID
ER 2021
Anonymous author of the "Incomplete Commentary on Matthew" says that the role of priest is to teach faith, especially with the deeds of good life (rather than miracles). 2nd quarter of the 5th c., the Danubian provinces or Constantinople.
ID
ER 2035
Anonymous author of the "Incomplete Commentary on Matthew" comments on the story of Uzziah, one of the Old Testament figures mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus. Uzziah was struck with leprosy for usurpng priestly power. Similarly, laymen shall not usurp the work of clergy, and clerics, the work of higher grades. 2nd half of the 5th c., the Danubian provinces or Constantinople.
ID
ER 2036
Anonymous author of the "Incomplete Commentary on Matthew" commenting on the baptism of Jesus says that heretics cannot give valid baptism because they are not true church and do not have true priests. The mid-5th c., the Danubian provinces or Constantinople.
ID
ER 795
Augustine, the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) enumerates works written by him when still a presbyter (391-395 AD). Augustine, "Retractions", 426/427 AD.
ID
ER 796
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) recounts how he preached as presbyter in the presence of bishops at the Council of Hippo (AD 393). Augustine, "Retractions", AD 426/427.
ID
ER 798
Augustine, the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) recounts his dispute (as a presbyter) with Fortunatus, a Manichaean presbyter (AD 392). Augustine, "Retractions", AD 426/427.
ID
ER 799
Augustine, the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) says that his book "On the Only Baptism against Petilian" was occasioned by a book of Petilian being given to Augustine`s friend by a Donatist presbyter (AD 410/411). Augustine, "Retractions", AD 426/427.
ID
ER 800
Peter, presbyter from Spain, living in Mauretania Caesariensis ca AD 418/419, possesses a book by Augustine of Hippo. Augustine, "Retractions", AD 426/427.
ID
ER 45
Presbyter Lazarus carries one of the letters written to Augustine by Firmus. Augustine of Hippo, Letter 2*, Latin North Africa, AD 426/430.
ID
ER 47
Deacon Faustinus travels from North Africa to Gaul to buy a ship for the Presbyter Heraclius. Augustine, Letter 7*, North Africa, AD 426/427.
ID
ER 846
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) claims that his clergy live in poverty as they promised. Sermon 356, 426 AD.
ID
ER 870
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) says that he can accept in gift only such clothes as can be worn also by presbyters, deacons, and subdeacons, because he accepts them for the common store. Sermon 356, AD 426.
ID
ER 872
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) refers to rumours about the Presbyter Barnaba with regard to his possesions and the administration of the Church property. Sermon 356, AD 426.
ID
ER 509
Augustine, bishop of Hippo (North Africa), gathers the presbyters, the clergy and the people of Hippo to designate the presbyter Heraclius as his successor. Augustine, Letter 213 (or the record of the proceedings of the convocation of the clergy and people of Hippo), AD 426.
ID
ER 516
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), sends a letter to the deacon Quodvultdeus of Carthage via a presbyter of Fussala. Augustine, Letter 224, AD 427/428.
ID
ER 318
Canon 5 of the council of Hippo (North Africa, 427 AD) deals with clerics who enrich themselves while in office.
ID
ER 640
The Council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 427) prohibits bishops and presbyters to move ecclesiastical property to other places.
ID
ER 641
According to Canon 34 of the Breviary of Ferrandus of Carthage (North Africa, AD 523/546, repeating earlier norms) the bishops and presbyters should not transfer the property of one Church to another.
ID
ER 683
Presbyter Sabinus reads and explains to the monks of Hadrumetum (North Africa) the book of Augustine on the "Grace and Free Will". The letter of Abbot Valentinus (Letter 216 in Augustine`s correspondence), AD 427.
ID
ER 970
Arian bishop Maximinus debates with the Presbyter Heraclius in Hippo Regius (North Africa), AD 427. Account of Augustine, "Debate with Maximinus", AD 427 .
ID
ER 757
The council of Hippo (North Africa, AD 427) prohibits presbyters from selling the property of the Church without the knowledge of their bishops.
ID
ER 1792
According to Pope Celestine priests should not distinguish themselves by their clothes. Letter 4 of Pope Celestine I, "Cuperemus quidem", Rome, AD 428.
ID
ER 1800
Bishops who were ordained without passing through lower grades should be considered usurpers. Letter 4 of Pope Celestine I, "Cuperemus quidem", Rome, AD 428.
ID
ER 893
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) describes the Manichaean Church hierarchy. Augustine, "De haeresibus", AD 428/430.
ID
ER 894
Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa), describes the views of the Aerians, the followers of the Presbyter Aerius of Pontus in the 4th c., who taught that the presbyters were equal to bishops. Augustine, "De haeresibus", 428/430 AD.
ID
ER 517
Augustine, bishop of Hippo (North Africa), writes about how the clerics should behave in face of the Vandal invasion. Augustine, Letter 228, AD 429.
ID
ER 1826
Pope Celestine I orders not to make the bishops directly from laymen. Letter 5 of Pope Celestine I, "Nulli sacerdotum", Rome, AD 429.
ID
ER 709
Count Darius says in his letter to Augustine, bishop of Hippo, that he is sending him some medicine via presbyter Lazarus. (Letter 230 in Augustine`s correspondence, AD 429).
ID
ER 2370
The church is compared to the Moon and the clerical ranks - bishops, presbyters, deacons, and other clerics to stars each shining with different light to preach the Lord. Arnobius the Younger, Commentary on the Psalms, written in Rome, mid-5th c.
ID
ER 1828
Pope Celestine I denounces the presbyters who oppose their bishops and question the doctrine of Augustine concerning the grace. Letter 21 of Pope Celestine I, "Apostolici verba", Rome, AD 431.
ID
ER 1386
Honoratus of Arles as a catechumen deeply respects clerics and considers them his fathers, North-East Gaul, ca AD 380-390. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1389
Honoratus (later bishop of Arles) becomes a presbyter shortly after founding a monastery on the islands of Lérins. Even though he was a presbyter, all bishops consider themselves inferior to him. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1390
Presbyter and abbot Honoratus of Arles builds a church and a monastery on the island of Lérins. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1392
Presbyter Honoratus of Arles practices asceticism and visits the sick when he is an abbot of the monastery of Lérins. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1393
Presbyter Salvianus of Marseille (Gaul) describes a deep relation between his former abbot, Presbyter Honoratus of Arles, and the monastery on the island of Lérins. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1394
Presbyter Honoratus of Arles is visited by many people in his monastery on the island of Lérins. He receives offerings which he uses for ransoming the captives. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1395
Honoratus, presbyter and abbot in Lérins, is ordained bishop of Arles. However, even before the ordination he was considered of the highest rank because of his sanctity and deeds. Account of Hilary of Arles, "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus", Arles (Gaul), ca AD 431.
ID
ER 1418
Presbyter and abbot Honoratus from Lérins visits his fatherland (most probably in North-East Gaul) to convert to monasticism Hilary, later his successor to the bishopric of Arles. Account in the "Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus" by Hilary of Arles, writing in Arles (Gaul, ca AD 431).
ID
ER 1833
Prebyters John and Deacon Epictetus travel from Constantinople to Rome (and back) to inform Pope Celestine I about the deposition of Nestorius and ordination of Maximianus as the new bishop of Constantinople. Letter 22 of Pope Celestine I, "Tandem malorum", Rome, AD 432.
ID
ER 1848
Presbyter Martinianus and Deacon Lollianus are sent by Pope Sixtus (Xistus) III to Illyricum. Sixtus III, Letter 7, AD 432/435
ID
ER 2116
The Emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian III issue the law which sets the rules of granting asylum in the church by clerics. The law issued on 28 March 432 in Constantinople, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438, and repeated in the Justinian Code promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 1358
The people of Hippo Regius (North Africa) force Augustine to accept the presbyterial ordination, AD 391. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1359
Augustine, then a presbyter, establishes a monastery in Hippo Regius (North Africa), AD 391. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1363
Bishop Valerius of Hippo Regius (North Africa), AD 391, allows the presbyter Augustine to preach. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1364
Presbyter Augustine of Hippo Regius (North Africa) holds a public dispute with the Manichaean Presbyter Fortunatus, AD 392. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1366
Firmus, a Manichaean, converts to Catholicism thanks to Augustine`s preaching in Hippo Regius (North Africa) and later becomes a presbyter in another region (at the insistence of the local populace). AD 396/430. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1383
Presbyter Augustine initially declines to be ordained the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) when his predecessor is still alive, AD 395. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1384
Augustine of Hippo Regius (North Africa) prays for the demoniacs and heals them, both as a presbyter and as a bishop. AD 391-430. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 1385
Augustine, the bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa) leaves the administration of the goods of the Church to a presbyter; AD 396-430. Account of Possidius, "Life of Augustine", AD 432/437.
ID
ER 608
Partisans of the Nicene creed, including clerics and priests, are persecuted by the Emperor Constantius II. Account of monk and presbyter, Vincent of Lérins, "Commonitory", Lérins (Gaul), ca 434.
ID
ER 619
God helps apostate priests who have fallen during the Arian persecutions of ca 360, to be reinstated in the Catholic Church. Account of monk and Presbyter Vincent of Lérins, "Commonitory", Lérins (Gaul), ca 434.
ID
ER 2086
The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian issue the law on intestate inheritance in case of the clergy and consecrated persons. The law issued on 15 December 434 in Constantinople, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and in the Breviary of Alaric published in 506 in Gaul, as well as repeated in the Justinian Code promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 1858
Pope Sixtus (Xistus) III praises the Presbyter Arthemius, probably from Illyricum, in his letter to the Illyrian bishops. Sixtus III, Letter 10, AD 437
ID
ER 1225
Ambrose, bishop of Milan (Italy) forbids Emperor Theodosius to receive communion in the sanctuary because it is an exclusive privilege of the clergy, Milan, AD 390. Account of Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Ecclesiastical History, AD 438/446.
ID
ER 382
Canon 4 of the Council of Riez (Gaul) AD 439 grants presbyters (or chorbishops) serving in the countryside the right to give blessings, consecrate virgins, and confirm neophytes.
ID
ER 393
Canon 1 of the Council of Riez (Gaul, AD 439) acknowledges harms done to priests and ministers of the Church of Embrun during civil unrest somehow connected to the illegitimate ordination of the local bishop.
ID
ER 404
Canon 3 of the Council of Riez (Gaul) AD 439 describes the rights and limitations of the office of a chorbishop.
ID
ER 433
Canon VII of the Council of Riez (Gaul, AD 439) forbids accepting into the clergy those who previously rebelled against the churches and its priests.
ID
ER 434
Vincentius, presbyter from Carpentras (Gaul) subscribes the acts of the Council of Riez (Gaul, AD 439) in the name of his Bishop Constantianus.
ID
ER 739
Bitus and Vincentius, presbyters of Rome, are representing the bishop of Rome at the Council of Nicaea (East, AD 325). Account of Socrates Scholasticus, "Ecclesiastical History", AD 439-450.
ID
ER 2372
Pope Alexander (the early 2nd c.) sends the presbyter Sabinianus to Sicily to refute heresy of Heracleon. Sabinianus is so effective that Heracleon escapes Sicily in the middle of the night and is no more heard of. Arnobius the Younger, Praedestinatus, probably c. 440 in Rome.
ID
ER 2373
Tertullian, presbyter of Carthage, defends the heretic Montanus and in this opposes Soter, bishop of Rome (169-174). Arnobius the Younger, Praedestinatus, probably c. 440 in Rome.
ID
ER 2134
Dedicatory inscription of the presbyter Agnellus near the Basilica of St Peter in Rome, AD 440/461.
ID
ER 1654
Pope Leo the Great chastises the unnamed bishop of Aquileia for receiving the Pelagian clerics to communion without making them recantate the heretical doctrines and profess the faith; he orders to convene a synod on which the Pelagian clerics will recant their heresy and forbids ecclesiastical transfers. Letter 1 of Pope Leo the Great, written in Rome, AD 440/447.
ID
ER 1656
Pope Leo the Great sends a letter to Bishop Septimus of Altinum and orders that the Pelagian clerics can be received to communion only if they recant their error. He forbids ecclesiastical transfers. Letter 1 of Pope Leo the Great "Relatione sancti", written in Rome, AD 440/447.
ID
ER 2262
Pope Leo the Great in a sermon preached on the Collects (for the poor and needy) in Rome, asks his audience to denounce Manichees to their presbyters. Sermon 9 of Pope Leo the Great, written in Rome, AD 443.
ID
ER 2263
Pope Leo the Great in a sermon preached on one of the days of fasting in December in Rome, relates the events concerning investigation of the Manichaeans in which the presbyters of Rome took part. Sermon 16 of Pope Leo the Great, written in Rome, AD 443.
ID
ER 2137
Canon 9 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) gives to the bishop who builds a church in another diocese the right to designate its clergy. The local bishop should ordain them or, if they are already ordained, consent to their appointment.
ID
ER 443
Canon 1 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) decrees that, if no bishop is present, a presbyter can anoint with chrism a heretic lying on his or her deathbed, if he or she wishes to convert to Catholicism.
ID
ER 445
Presbyters sign the acts of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441).
ID
ER 453
Presbyters sign the acts of the First Council of Vaison (Gaul, AD 442).
ID
ER 718
Canon 2 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) forbids ministers of the altar from baptizing without a chrism.
ID
ER 724
Canon 4 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) grants clerics the right to do penance.
ID
ER 725
Canon 7 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) orders bishops who wish to ordain a cleric assigned to another diocese to accept them first into their clergy and to consult with their original bishops before proceeding with ordination.
ID
ER 726
Canon 8 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) orders bishops who ordain clerics from another diocese to either keep them in their clergy or send them back to their original diocese.
ID
ER 729
Canon 15 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) forbids the ordination of demoniacs and orders to demote those demoniacs who are already ordained.
ID
ER 731
Canon 24 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) forbids the ordination of twice-married men to a higher position than that of subdeacon.
ID
ER 732
Canon 30 of the First Council of Orange (Gaul, AD 441) forbids infirm bishops to permit presbyters to do, in their presence, duties which can only be carried out by bishops.
ID
ER 512
Canon 3 of the First Council of Vaison (Gaul, AD 442) regulates the manner in which presbyters should collect the chrism from bishops.
ID
ER 518
Canon 8 of the First Council of Vaison (Gaul, AD 442) decrees how to proceed when a bishop learns about some cleric`s corruption.
ID
ER 520
Canon 9 of the First Council of Vaison (Gaul, AD 442) orders a minister to announce from the altar on Sunday that a foundling was adopted by someone.
ID
ER 521
Canon 1 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) decrees that a neophyte cannot be ordained as a deacon, presbyter, or bishop.
ID
ER 524
Canon 2 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) forbids ordaining married men unless they take a vow of chastity.
ID
ER 525
Canon 3 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) decrees that clerics of an equal or higher grade than that of a deacon should not live with or accept a service from a woman, if she is not a member of their family.
ID
ER 526
Canon 7 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) forbids ordaining those who have castrated themselves.
ID
ER 527
Canon 4 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) forbids clerics from receiving girls in their private chambers.
ID
ER 544
Canon 8 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) forbids receiving in communion clerics excommunicated in other dioceses.
ID
ER 547
Canon 13 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442-506) forbids presbyters to leave their dioceses and be ordained bishops without the consent of their own bishops.
ID
ER 548
Canon 14 of the so-called Second Council of Arles (Gaul, AD 442/506) forbids presbyters from practising usury, renting things for profit, and becoming involved in any kind of business out of greed.