Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 2380
Gregory the Great orders Bishop John of Ravenna (Italy) to put an end to the practice of admitting to monasteries laymen and active clerics which did not wish to follow a monastic way of life. Gregory is particularly against investing in abbatial office clerics who continue to perform ecclesiastical services outside the monastery. Gregory the Great, Letter 5.1, AD 594.
Letter 5.1 to Bishop John of Ravenna (September 594)
 
Gregorius Iohanni episcopo Rauennati
 
Peruenit ad me quod in ecclesia fraternitatis tuae aliqua loca dudum monasteriis consecrata nunc habitacula clericorum aut etiam laicorum facta sint, dumque hi qui sunt in ecclesias fingunt se religiose uiuere, monasteriis praeponi appetunt, et per eorum uitam monasteria destruuntur. Nemo etenim potest et ecclesiasticis obsequiis deseruire et in monachica regula ordinate persistere, ut ipse districtionem monasterii teneat, qui cotidie in obsequio ecclesiastico cogitur permanere. Proinde fraternitas tua hoc, quolibet in loco factum est, emendare festinet; quia ego nullomodo patior loca sacra ut per clericorum ambitum destruantur. Vos itaque ita agite, ut mihi hac de re correctam causam sub celeritate nuntietis.
 
(ed. Norberg 1982: 266)
Letter 5.1 to Bishop John of Ravenna (September 594)
 
Gregorius to John, bishop of Ravenna
 
It has come to my attention that, in your Fraternity's church, some places consecrated long ago for monasteries have been turned into dwelling-places for clerics, or even for members of the laity. While those who are in the churches pretend that they are living in a religious manner, they strive to be put in charge of the monasteries, and through their way of life the monasteries are being destroyed. For nobody can both devote oneself to ecclesiastical duties and persist also in the monastic rule in due manner, as the same man would be responsible for the discipline in the monastery who would be compelled every day to remain in ecclesiastic service. And so let your Fraternity be quick to correct this habit, wherever it has occured. For I will in no way suffer sacred places
to be destroyed through the wicked ambition (ambitus) of clerics. Act therefore in such a way that you can report with all speed that this matter has been set straight.
 
(trans. Martyn 2004: 323, altered by J. Szafranowski)

Discussion:

It seems to me that in this somewhat enigmatic letter, Gregory tackles specifically the phenomenon of installing in the particularly affluent and important monastic foundations (such as those in the imperial city of Ravenna) people lacking any monastic experience and, even more importantly, the will to follow the monastic creed. Richly endowed monasteries attracted clerics and laymen alike, as joining such institutions conferred both wealth and prestige. The letter suggests that even the abbots were chosen among the people from outside of the community, especially clerics, who – to Gregory's horror – continued to perform their usual ecclesiastical duties even after the abbatial ordination. It is my impression judging by the tone of this epistle that in the case of Ravenna the bishop was likely directly involved in the practice so revolting to Gregory. Bishop John could, for instance, reward those loyal to him with an abbatial office. The process of being installed as an abbot or a monk could be thus perceived as a political action rather than the matter of faith or ascetic calling.
 
It must be stressed that Gregory is here in no way against clerics heeding the monastic vocation or monks taking the holy orders in general. However, he is definite that the same person cannot perform the clerical duties outside the monastery ("in the world", so to speak) and, at the same time, guard the proper observance of the monastic discipline. The discipline which obviously obliged all monks to fervently avoid any contact with the outside world.

Place of event:

Region
  • Rome
  • Italy north of Rome with Corsica and Sardinia
City
  • Rome
  • Ravenna

About the source:

Author: Gregory the Great
Title: Letters, Epistulae, Epistolae, Registrum epistularum, Registrum epistolarum
Origin: Rome (Rome)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Gregory, later called the Great (Gregorius Magnus), was born ca 540 to an influential Roman family with some connection to the ancient gens Anicia. His great-great-grandfather was Felix III, who served as the bishop of Rome from 526 to 530. Possibly, Agapetus I, pope between 535 and 536, was his relative as well. Little is known about his early career, but in 573 Gregory ascended to the high office of city prefect. Shortly afterwards, however, he resigned from his post and adopted the monastic way of life. He founded a monastery dedicated to St. Andrew within his family estate on Coelian Hill, next to the library established by Agapetus and Cassiodorus. Six other monasteries were founded in the estates his family owned in Sicily. Soon after his monastic conversion, he started to be given various tasks by Popes Benedict I (575–578) and Pelagius II (578–590). At that time, he was ordained a deacon. Between 579 and 585/6, Gregory acted as Pelagius` envoy in Constantinople. In 590, he was elected Pelagius` successor to the bishopric of Rome. The registry of his letters contained copies of Gregory`s papal correspondence up to his death in 604. The scope of Gregory`s original registry is still the subject of scholarly speculation. There are 854 extant letters gathered in fourteen volumes, most of them (686 letters) originating from the collection compiled at the time of Pope Hadrian I (772–795).
 
It is worth remembering that the majority of Gregory’s correspondence was jointly produced by the pope and his subordinates, see Pollard 2013.
Edition:
D. Norberg ed., S. Gregorii Magni Registrum Epistularum, Corpus Christianorum: Series Latina 140, 140A, Turnhout 1982.
 
Translation:
The Letters of Gregory the Great, trans. J.R.C. Martyn, Mediaeval Sources in Translation 40, Toronto 2004.
Bibliography:
R.M. Pollard, A Cooperative Correspondence: The Letters of Gregory the Great, in: M. Dal Santo, B. Neil (eds.), A Companion to Gregory the Great, Leiden-Boston 2013, pp. 291–312.

Categories:

Functions within the Church - Urban presbyter
    Described by a title - Clericus
      Monastic or common life - Cenobitic monk
        Monastic or common life - Monastic superior (abbot/prior)
          Disrespected by
            Relation with - Bishop/Monastic superior
              Relation with - Monk/Nun
                Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: J. Szafranowski, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER2380, http://presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=2380