Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 1396
Cornelius, the bishop of Rome, describes in his letter to Fabius, the bishop of Antioch in Syria, the career of the presbyter Novatianus, from his baptism to the unlawful episcopal ordination; he mentions the numbers of the Roman clerics of different grades. Rome, AD 251/252. Transmitted in Eusebius of Caesarea, "Ecclesiastical History", AD 300/324 (erroneously speaking about Novatus).
Book 6
 
43,5. τὸν δὴ οὖν Φάβιον ἀναδιδάσκων ὁποῖός τις ὁ Νοουάτος γεγόνοι τὸν τρόπον, αὐτὰ δὴ ταῦτα γράφει ὁ
Κορνήλιος· »ἵνα δὲ γνῷς ὅτι πρόπαλαι ὀρεγόμενος τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς ὁ θαυμάσιος οὗτος καὶ κρύπτων ἐν αὑτῷ τὴν προπετῆ ταύτην αὐτοῦ ἐπιθυμίαν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπικαλύμματι τῆς αὐτοῦ ἀπονοίας τῷ κατ' ἀρχὰς σὺν αὑτῷ τοὺς ὁμολογητὰς ἐσχηκέναι χρώμενος, εἰπεῖν βούλομαι.
 
43,6. Μάξιμος πρεσβύτερος τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν καὶ Οὐρβανός, δὶς τὴν ἐξ ὁμολογίας δόξαν ἀρίστην καρπωσάμενοι, Σιδόνιός τε καὶ Κελερῖνος ἀνὴρ ὃς πάσας βασάνους διὰ τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἔλεον καρτερικώτατα διενέγκας καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς αὐτοῦ πίστεως τὸ ἀσθενὲς τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιρρώσας, κατὰ κράτος νενίκηκεν τὸν ἀντικείμενον, οὗτοι δὴ οὖν οἱ ἄνδρες κατανοήσαντες αὐτὸν καὶ καταφωράσαντες τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ πανουργίαν τε καὶ παλιμβολίαν τάς τε ἐπιορκίας καὶ τὰς ψευδολογίας καὶ τὴν ἀκοινωνησίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ λυκοφιλίαν, ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν ἐκκλησίαν, καὶ ἅπαντα αὐτοῦ τὰ τεχνάσματα καὶ πονηρεύματα, ἃ ἐκ πολλοῦ ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ ὑπεστέλλετο, παρόντων ἱκανῶν
τοῦτο μὲν ἐπισκόπων τοῦτο δὲ πρεσβυτέρων καὶ λαϊκῶν ἀνδρῶν παμπόλλων, ἐξήγγειλαν, ἀποδυρόμενοι καὶ μεταγινώσκοντες ἐφ' οἷς πεισθέντες τῷ δολερῷ καὶ κακοήθει θηρίῳ πρὸς ὀλίγον χρόνον τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἀπελείφθησαν.
 
43,7. [...] ἀμήχανον ὅσην, ἀγαπητὲ ἀδελφέ, τροπὴν καὶ μεταβολὴν ἐν βραχεῖ καιρῷ ἐθεασάμεθα ἐπ' αὐτοῦ γεγενημένην. ὁ γάρ τοι λαμπρότατος καὶ δι' ὅρκων φοβερῶν τινων πιστούμενος τὸ μηδ' ὅλως ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεσθαι, αἰφνίδιον ἐπίσκοπος ὥσπερ ἐκ μαγγάνου τινὸς εἰς τὸ μέσον ῥιφεὶς ἀναφαίνεται.
 
43.8. οὗτος γάρ τοι ὁ δογματιστής, ὁ τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς ἐπιστήμης ὑπερασπιστής, ὁπηνίκα παρασπᾶσθαί τε καὶ ὑφαρπάζειν τὴν μὴ δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ ἄνωθεν ἐπισκοπὴν ἐπεχείρει, δύο ἑαυτῷ κοινωνούς, ἀπεγνωκότας τῆς ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίας, ἐπελέξατο, ὡς ἂν εἰς βραχύ τι μέρος καὶ ἐλάχιστον τῆς Ἰταλίας ἀποστείλῃ κἀκεῖθεν ἐπισκόπους τρεῖς, ἀνθρώπους ἀγροίκους καὶ ἁπλουστάτους, πλαστῇ τινι ἐπιχειρήσει ἐξαπατήσῃ, διαβεβαιούμενος καὶ διισχυριζόμενος δεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐν τάχει παραγενέσθαι εἰς Ῥώμην, ὡς δῆθεν πᾶσα ἥτις δήποτε οὖν διχοστασία γεγονυῖα σὺν καὶ ἑτέροις ἐπισκόποις καὶ αὐτῶν μεσιτευόντων διαλυθῇ· οὓς παραγενομένους,  ἅτε δή, ὡς ἔφθημεν λέγοντες, ἀνθρώπους ἁπλουστέρους περὶ τὰς τῶν πονηρῶν μηχανάς τε καὶ ῥᾳδιουργίας, συγκλεισθέντας ὑπό τινων ὁμοίων αὐτῷ τεταραγμένων
 
43.9. ἀνθρώπων, ὥρᾳ δεκάτῃ, μεθύοντας καὶ κραιπαλῶντας, μετὰ βίας ἠνάγκασεν εἰκονικῇ τινι καὶ ματαίᾳ χειρεπιθεσίᾳ
ἐπισκοπὴν αὐτῷ δοῦναι, ἣν ἐνέδρᾳ καὶ πανουργίᾳ, μὴ ἐπιβάλλουσαν αὐτῷ, ἐκδικεῖ· [...]
 
43,11. ὁ ἐκδικητὴς οὖν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου οὐκ ἠπίστατο ἕνα ἐπίσκοπον δεῖν εἶναι ἐν καθολικῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ, ἐν ᾗ οὐκ ἠγνόει, πῶς γάρ; πρεσβυτέρους εἶναι τεσσαράκοντα ἕξ, διακόνους ἑπτά, ὑποδιακόνους ἑπτά, ἀκολούθους δύο καὶ τεσσαράκοντα, ἐξορκιστὰς δὲ καὶ ἀναγνώστας ἅμα πυλωροῖς δύο καὶ πεντήκοντα, χήρας σὺν θλιβομένοις ὑπὲρ τὰς χιλίας πεντακοσίας, οὓς πάντας ἡ τοῦ δεσπότου χάρις καὶ φιλανθρωπία διατρέφει· [...]
 
43,13. φέρε δή, ἑξῆς εἴπωμεν τίσιν ἔργοις ἢ τίσιν πολιτείαις τεθαρρηκὼς ἀντεποιήθη τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς. ἆρά γε διὰ τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἀνεστράφθαι καὶ πολλοὺς ἀγῶνας ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἠγωνίσθαι καὶ ἐν κινδύνοις πολλοῖς τε καὶ μεγάλοις ἕνεκα τῆς θεοσεβείας γεγονέναι; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστιν·
 
43,14. ᾧ γε ἀφορμὴ τοῦ πιστεῦσαι γέγονεν ὁ σατανᾶς, φοιτήσας εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ οἰκήσας ἐν αὐτῷ χρόνον ἱκανόν· ὃς βοηθούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπορκιστῶν νόσῳ περιπεσὼν χαλεπῇ καὶ ἀποθανεῖσθαι ὅσον οὐδέπω νομιζόμενος, ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ κλίνῃ, οὗ ἔκειτο, περιχυθεὶς ἔλαβεν, εἴ γε χρὴ λέγειν τὸν τοιοῦτον εἰληφέναι.
 
43,15. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ἔτυχεν, διαφυγὼν τὴν νόσον, ὧν χρὴ μεταλαμβάνειν κατὰ τὸν τῆς ἐκκλησίας κανόνα, τοῦ τε σφραγισθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπισκόπου· τούτων δὲ μὴ τυχών, πῶς ἂν τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ἔτυχεν;
 
43.16. [...] καὶ πάλιν μετὰ βραχέα φησίν· »ὁ διὰ δειλίαν καὶ φιλοζωΐαν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς διώξεως
πρεσβύτερον εἶναι ἑαυτὸν ἀρνησάμενος. ἀξιούμενος γὰρ καὶ παρακαλούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν διακόνων, ἵν' ἐξελθὼν τοῦ οἰκίσκου, ἐν ᾧ καθεῖρξεν ἑαυτόν, βοηθήσῃ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ὅσα θέμις καὶ ὅσα δυνατὸν πρεσβυτέρῳ κινδυνεύουσιν ἀδελφοῖς καὶ ἐπικουρίας δεομένοις βοηθεῖν, τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχεν τοῦ πειθαρχῆσαι παρακαλοῦσι τοῖς διακόνοις, ὡς καὶ χαλεπαίνοντα ἀπιέναι καὶ ἀπαλλάττεσθαι· μὴ γὰρ ἔτι βούλεσθαι πρεσβύτερος εἶναι ἔφη, ἑτέρας γὰρ εἶναι φιλοσοφίας ἐραστής.
 
43,17. [...] καταλιπὼν γὰρ ὁ λαμπρὸς οὗτος τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐν ᾗ πιστεύσας κατηξιώθη τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου κατὰ  χάριν τοῦ ἐπισκόπου τοῦ ἐπιθέντος αὐτῷ χεῖρα εἰς πρεσβυ-ερίου κλῆρον, ὃς διακωλυόμενος ὑπὸ παντὸς τοῦ κλήρου,
ἀλλὰ καὶ λαϊκῶν πολλῶν, ἐπεὶ μὴ ἐξὸν ἦν τὸν ἐν κλίνῃ διὰ νόσον περιχυθέντα, ὥσπερ καὶ οὗτος, εἰς κλῆρόν τινα
γενέσθαι, ἠξίωσεν συγχωρηθῆναι αὐτῷ τοῦτον μόνον χειροτονῆσαι. [...]
 
43,20. ἤδη δὲ ἴσθι γεγυμνῶσθαι καὶ ἔρημον γεγονέναι, καταλιμπανόντων αὐτὸν καθ' ἡμέραν ἑκάστην τῶν ἀδελφῶν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἐπανερχομένων· ὃν καὶ Μωσῆς, ὁ μακάριος μάρτυς, ὁ παρ' ἡμῖν ἔναγχος μαρτυρήσας καλήν τινα καὶ θαυμαστὴν μαρτυρίαν, ἔτι ὢν ἐν κόσμῳ, κατιδὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν θρασύτητα καὶ τὴν ἀπόνοιαν, ἀκοινώνητον ἐποίησεν σὺν τοῖς πέντε πρεσβυτέροις τοῖς ἅμα αὐτῷ ἀποσχίσασιν ἑαυτοὺς τῆς ἐκκλησίας«.   
 
(ed. Schwartz 1999: 614-622)
Book 6
 
43,5. Cornelius informs Fabius what sort of a man Novatus was, in the following words: "But that you may know that a long time ago this remarkable man desired the episcopate, but kept this ambitious desire to himself and concealed it—using as a cloak for his rebellion those confessors who had adhered to him from the beginning—I desire to speak.
 
43,6. Maximus, one of our presbyters, and Urbanus, who twice gained the highest honor by confession, with Sidonius, and Celerinus, a man who by the grace of God most heroically endured all kinds of torture, and by the strength of his faith overcame the weakness of the flesh, and mightily conquered the adversary—these men found him out and detected his craft and duplicity, his perjuries and falsehoods, his unsociability and cruel friendship. And they returned to the holy church and proclaimed in the presence of many, both bishops and presbyters and a large number of the laity, all his craft and wickedness, which for a long time he had concealed. And this they did with lamentations and repentance, because through the persuasions of the crafty and malicious beast they had left the church for the time.
 
43,7.  [...] How remarkable, beloved brother, the change and transformation which we have seen take place in him in a short time. For this most illustrious man, who bound himself with terrible oaths in nowise to seek the bishopric, suddenly appears a bishop as if thrown among us by some machine.
 
43,8. For this dogmatist, this defender of the doctrine of the Church, attempting to grasp and seize the episcopate, which had not been given him from above, chose two of his companions who had given up their own salvation. And he sent them to a small and insignificant corner of Italy, that there by some counterfeit argument he might deceive three bishops, who were rustic and very simple men. And they asserted positively and strongly that it was necessary that they should come quickly to Rome, in order that all the dissension which had arisen there might be appeased through their mediation, jointly with other bishops.
 
43,9. When they had come, being, as we have stated, very simple in the craft and artifice of the wicked, they were shut up with certain selected men like himself. And by the tenth hour, when they had become drunk and sick, he compelled them by force to confer on him the episcopate through a counterfeit and vain imposition of hands. Because it had not come to him, he avenged himself by craft and treachery. [...]
 
43,11. This avenger of the Gospel then did not know that there should be one bishop in a Catholic Church; yet he was not ignorant (for how could he be?) that in it there were forty-six presbyters, seven deacons, seven sub-deacons, forty-two acolyths, fifty-two exorcists, readers, and janitors, and over fifteen hundred widows and persons in distress, all of whom the grace and kindness of the Master nourish.
 
43,13. [...] Permit us to say further: On account of what works or conduct had he the assurance to contend for the episcopate? Was it that he had been brought up in the Church from the beginning, and had endured many conflicts in her behalf, and had passed through many and great dangers for religion? Truly this is not the fact.
 
43,14. But Satan, who entered and dwelt in him for a long time, became the occasion of his believing. Being delivered by the exorcists, he fell into a severe sickness; and as he seemed about to die, he received baptism by affusion, on the bed where he lay; if indeed we can say that such a one did receive it.
 
43,15. And when he was healed of his sickness he did not receive the other things which it is necessary to have according to the canon of the Church, even the being sealed by the bishop. And as he did not receive this, how could he receive the Holy Spirit?
 
43,16. [...] In the time of persecution, through cowardice and love of life, he denied that he was a presbyter. For when he was requested and entreated by the deacons to come out of the chamber in which he had imprisoned himself and give aid to the brethren as far as was lawful and possible for a presbyter to assist those of the brethren who were in danger and needed help, he paid so little respect to the entreaties of the deacons that he went away and departed in anger. For he said that he no longer desired to be a presbyter, as he was an admirer of another philosophy.
 
43,17. [...] For this illustrious man forsook the Church of God, in which, when he believed, he was judged worthy of the presbyterate through the favor of the bishop who ordained him to the presbyterial office. This had been resisted by all the clergy and many of the laity; because it was unlawful that one who had been affused on his bed on account of sickness as he had been should enter into any clerical office; but the bishop requested that he might be permitted to ordain this one only. [...]
 
43,20. But know that he has now been made bare and desolate; as the brethren leave him every day and return to the church. Moses also, the blessed martyr, who lately suffered among us a glorious and admirable martyrdom, while he was yet alive, beholding his boldness and folly, refused to commune with him and with the five presbyters who with him had separated themselves from the Church".
 
(trans. A. Cushman McGiffert;  http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm)

Discussion:

Novatian opposed Cornelius from the rigorist point of view, being opposed to the easy reconciliation of those who had lapsed during the persecutions. Eusebius confounds Novatian with Novatus, the laxist cleric from Carthage, who joined him in the schism.

Place of event:

Region
  • Rome
City
  • Rome

About the source:

Author: Eusebius of Caesarea
Title: Ecclesiastical History, Church History, Historia Ecclesiastica, Ἐκκλεσιαστικὴ ἱστορία
Origin: Caesarea (East), Rome (Rome)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea Maritima in Palestine from about AD 314, was a Church historian and an exegete. His most important work was "Ecclesiastical History ", in which he covers the history of the Church from the beginnings to his times. The work was probably started about the time of the Diocletianic persecution, and eventually finished by AD 324.
Edition:
E. Schwartz ed., Eusebius Werke. Zweiter Band. Die Kirchengeschichte, 1-2, Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der Ersten Jahrhunderte. Neue Folge 6, 2nd edition, Berlin 1999.

Categories:

Religious grouping (other than Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian) - Novatianist
Further ecclesiastical career - Bishop
Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
Reasons for ordination - Personal ambition
Specific number of presbyters from the same church
    Public law - Secular
    Former ecclesiastical career - None
    Impediments or requisits for the office
    Episcopal ambitions
    Impediments or requisits for the office - Neophyte Neophyte
    Impediments or requisits for the office - Ecclesiastical career
    Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: S. Adamiak, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER1396, http://presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=1396