Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 1299
After the death of Zosimus, bishop of Rome, the schism arises between Eulalius and the presbyter Boniface that is supported by other presbyters. The letter of Ancius Aurelius Symmachus, prefect of Rome to the Emperor Honorius, AD 418.
(14)
EXEMPLUM RELATIONIS SYMMACHI PRAEF. URB. AD HONORIUM PRINCIPEM RAUENNAE CONSTITUTUM.
 
(1) Quaecumque in urbe Roma geruntur, me tacere non conuenit pro debito famulatu, quem maiestati uestrae semper exhibeo. (2) Cum diu episcopus Zosimus graui incommodo laboraret usque adeo, ut frequenter mortuus iactaretur, accidit, ut secundo die post ingressum meum uita decederet. (3) Statim, ut conuenerat, populum alloquendo commonui, ut cum quiete clericorum tractatu omnia finirentur nec se rebus disponendis misceret turbatio popularis, siquidem certum esset in eligendo episcopo dei omnipotentis expectandum esse iudicium, domini imperatores Honori et Theodosi pii felices inclyti uictores semper Augusti. Admonui etiam corporatos, officio quoque interminatus sum ac maiores deterrui regionum, ne quis quietem urbis uestrae perturbare temptaret. (4) Quod quidem ita custoditum est, ut sine strepitu omnia finirentur. Uerum cum uir sanctus Eulalius ad ecclesiam Lateranensem de exequiis prioris episcopi a populo et a clericis fuisset adductus, ibi per biduum cum maxima multitudine et cum pluribus sacerdotibus remoratus est, ut expectaretur dies consuetus, quo possit sollemniter ordinari. (5) Cum haec ita essent, subito aliquanti presbyteri cum Bonifatio eiusdem ordinis ad Theodorae ecclesiam collecto populo properarunt ibique habito tractatu ipsum ordinare episcopum uelle coeperunt. (6) Quod ubi comperi, omnes, qui pariter erant, ad me ut uenirent presbyteros depoposci ac residens cum uiro clarissimo tribuno Sereniano eos admonui, ne quid temere fieri paterentur aut contra sacrae legis ordinem uenirent aut contra consuetudinis rationem. Sed tanta pertinacia restiterunt, ut id quod minati sunt facere minime dubitarent. Nam etiam presbyterum Bonifatium in ecclesia Marcelli ordinandum esse duxerunt atque cum eo ad sancti apostoli Petri basilicam processerunt. (7) Et quoniam pietatis uestrae est de hac parte ferre iudicium, statim pro competenti sollicitudine uestram maiestatem credidi consulendam, ut quid de hac parte pietas uestra decernat, praecepto uestri numinis euidenter informer. Diu enim, quae contra reuerentiam uenerandae legis facta sunt temeritate paucorum, differri non conuenit, ne tarditate firmentur, quae oportet inter exordia resecari. (8) Gesta acclamationum populi, quae singulis diebus habita sunt, relationi meae sunieci; quicquid postea gestum fuerit, non tacebo. Data IIII. Kal. Ianuarias.
 
(ed. Guenther 1895: 59-60)
(14)
A copy of the relation of the prefect of the city Symmachus sent to the ruler Honorius residing in Ravenna.
 
(1) Whatever happens in Rome, I cannot be silent about it because of the servitude I owe and always display toward your majesty. (2) Because Bishop Zosimus for a long time suffered from a disease so serious that he was frequently considered already dead, it happened at the second day after my entering upon the office that he departed this life. (3) Immediatly, as it was proper, speaking to the people I reminded them that everything shall be accomplished with peace and handled by the clergy, and that the crowds of the people shall not involve in the disposition of things, since indeed it is sure that in the election of the bishop the judgement of the Almighty God is expected, o lords emperors Honorius and Theodosius, pious, happy and great victors and always Augusts! I also admonished the corporated magistrates, I threatened the officials and frightened the leaders of the regions lest anyone try to disturb the peace of your city. (4) The care was taken so that everything ends up without agitation. Truly, after the holy man Eulalius had been led by the clerics and the people  from the funeral of the former bishop to the Lateran Basilica, he stayed there for two days with a great multitude of people and with many priests in order to wait for a suitable day to be sollemnly ordained. (5) When it was like that, instantly some presbyters with Boniface of the same order having gathered the people went to the church of Theodora. They made a gathering there, they wanted to ordain Boniface a bishop. (6) When I found out about it, I asked all the presbyters who were together to come to me with the vir clarissimus tribune Serenianus I admonished them neither to endeavour any effrontery nor to act against the order of the sacred law or the rules of custom. But they resisted with such obstinacy that they did not hesitate to accomplish what they had planned. For they had led the presbyter Boniface to the church of Marcellus to be ordained and had proceeded with him to the basilica of saint Peter the Apostle. (7) Because the judgement of this situation belongs to you, I decided immediately to ask your majesty for a competent advice so that whatever your piety thinks about this case, I can be clearly instructed by the precept of your will. Because it cannot be delayed for a long time what had been done against the venerable law by the temerity of the few, lest the delay confirm what should be cut at the roots. (8) The acclamations of the people that were held on the specific days, are attached to my account. Whatever happens in the future, I will not conceal it with silence. Given on the fourth day before the Kalends of January [=29 December 418].
 
(trans. M. Szada)

Discussion:

Anicius Aurelius Symmachus was the prefect of the city between 24 December AD 418 and January AD 420. He belonged to the famous family of Anicii and was possibly related to Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. Before his prefecture in Rome, he was proconsul of Africa  in AD 415. See PLRE, Aurelius Anicius Symmachus 6.
 
According to the Liber Pontificalis, Bishop Zosimus died on 26 December AD 418, two days after the installment of the new prefect. Zosimus' funeral took place in the basilica of San Lorenzo fuori la mura; after the obsequies Eulalius and his followers occupied the Lateran Basilica. They were probably waiting till Sunday (29 December) to ordain Eulalius there. The presbyters opposing Eulalius gathered in the church of Theodora (unidentified) and elected the presbyter Boniface as a next bishop. Boniface was later ordained in the church of Marcellus (titulus Marcelli, today's San Marcello in Corso; the present letter is the earliest mention of the church; Liber Pontificalis sets the ordination of Boniface in the basilica of Julius).
 
The emperor Honorius replied to the letter of Symmachus on 3 January recognizing Eulalius as a valid bishop of Rome and ordering the exile of Boniface (see letter 15 in the Collectio Avellana). Later, however, the party of Boniface obtained a revision of this decision (see the petition of the presbyters to the emperor in [1339]).
 
 

Place of event:

Region
  • Rome
City
  • Rome

About the source:

Author: Anicius Aurelius Symmachus
Title: Collectio Avellana, Exemplum relationis Symmachi praef. urb. ad Honorium principem Ravennae constitutum
Origin: Rome (Rome)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Collectio Avellana is a collection containing 244 letters issued by emperors, imperial magistrates and popes. The earliest piece is dated to AD 367, the latest to AD 553. Hence, the compilator worked most probably in the second half of the 6th c. 200 documents of the Collectio are not known from any other collection. The editor of the Collectio, Günther noticed that it can be divided into five thematic parts (Gunther 1896: 3-96; Steinacker 1902: 14-15; Blaudeau 2013: 4) :
1) no. 1-40 is an independent collection making use of the records of the prefecture of the city of Rome concerning two episcopal elections;
2) no. 41-50 that are derived from the records of the bishopric in Carthage, and consist of the letters of Innocentius I and Zosimus;
3) no. 51-55, the late letters of Leo I not known from any other source, regarding the exile of Bishop Timothy II of Alexandria;
4) no. 56-104 the group of letters from the pontificates of Simplicius, Gelasius, Symmachus, John, Agapet, and Vigilius;
5) no. 105-243 the letters from the records of Hormisdas.
 
 
Edition:
O. Guenther ed., Epistolae Imperatorum Pontificum Aliorum Inde ab a. CCCLXVII usque DLIII datae Avellana Quae Dicitur Collectio, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 35/1, 35/2, Prague, Vienna, and Leipzig 1895
Bibliography:
S. Cristo, "Some notes on the Bonifacian-Eulalian Schism”, Aevum 51 (1977), 163–167.

Categories:

Further ecclesiastical career - Bishop
Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
Described by a title - Clericus
    Ritual activity - Procession
    Ecclesiastical administration - Election of Church authorities
      Relation with - Another presbyter
      Relation with - Deacon
      Relation with - Secular authority
      Episcopal ambitions
      Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: M. Szada, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER1299, http://presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=1299